|
|
The molecular mechanisms and role of purinergic signaling in hypothalamus
Ivetic, Milorad ; Zemková, Hana (advisor) ; Mysliveček, Jaromír (referee) ; Smejkalová, Terézia (referee)
(EN): Extracellular ATP and purinergic P2 receptors (P2X and P2Y) are involved in a signaling network called "purinergic signaling" which is widely exploited in both somatic and neuronal tissues, and is also operative in endocrine system. The main focus of my thesis is on the role and expression of P2X and P2Y receptors in hypothalamic supraoptic nuclei (SON) producing hormones vasopressin and oxytocin, and the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the principal circadian pacemaker in mammals. In the first part of my thesis, we tested the hypothesis that P2X and P2Y receptors play a role in the enhanced release of hormones from magnocellular SON neurons stimulated through fasting/refeeding experimental protocol. We studied the effect of 2 h of refeeding after 48 h of fasting on hormone, P2X and P2Y mRNA expression in the SON tissue of 30-day-old rats, and the effect of ATP on electrophysiological properties of SON neurons in brain slices from control and fasted/refed rats. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the expression of P2X2 and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) mRNA was increased and P2Y1 mRNA expression was decreased in fasted/refed rats compared to controls, whereas P2X4, P2X7, P2Y2 and oxytocin mRNA levels were not significantly changed. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings showed that the amplitude...
|
|
|
Non-traditional methods of drug administration in anesthesiology and emergency medicine
Kurzová, Alice ; Málek, Jiří (advisor) ; Bláha, Jan (referee) ; Gabrhelík, Tomáš (referee)
1 SUMMARY Introduction The thesis is focused on the research of efficacy and side effects of non-traditional, i.e. nasal administration of oxytocin and nasal and intramuscular administration of remifentanil. Nasal administration has the advantage of being non-invasive and useful in situations with difficult vein access (young children, extensive burns, terrorist attacks and battlefields). The dissertation has two parts that are closely related: nasal, intramuscular and conjunctival administration of remifentanil, nasal and intramuscular administration of oxytocin. Remifentanil is an ultra-short- acting opioid that is registered for intravenous administration only. Its main advantage over other opioids is its rapid metabolism after intravenous administration and absent accumulation even after prolonged infusion. Remifentanil is the only opioid for which, with the exception of two papers, intranasal administration has not been described yet; data on intramuscular and conjunctival administration are completely lacking. Oxytocin is a hormone that is used therapeutically primarily for its peripheral effects in the uterus and breast during pregnancy. However, other central effects have also been observed, i.e. anxiolytic effect, reduction of social stress levels and increase in empathy. It can be useful in...
|
|
| |
|
|
Oxytocin and Social Behavior in Laboratory Rodents
Aruťuňanová, Patricie ; Svoboda, Jan (advisor) ; Růžička, Jiří (referee)
Oxytocin is a neuropeptide hormone that is primarily known for its neuromodulatory effects on the female reproductive system. It evolved together with vasopressin from vasotocin and is synthesized in the hypothalamus, specifically in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei from where it travels through the neurohypophysis into the bloodstream. Its peripheral effects cover a whole range of physiological processes, from inducing labor to easing anxieties. The oxytocin receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor whose agonists and antagonists are abundantly used in obstetrics. Recently, this hormone has been associated with social behavior, for instance, there have been shown its effects on agonistic behavior in laboratory rodents. In these species, it is responsible for the right course of copulation, just as it stimulates parental behavior in them. It also has a positive influence on their social memory. Oxytocin is a promising drug for neuropsychiatric diseases with social deficits.
|
|
|
Active management of labour and its effects on woman's psyche.
Letáková, Veronika ; Vitásková, Hana (advisor) ; Přáda, Jan (referee)
The theme of my thesis is Active management of labour and its effects on woman's psyche. The work is devided into a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical section describes labour and stages of labour, its active management and psyche of women during their pregnancy and after the labour. The main aim of the practical part of my bachelor thesis was to find out whether women have a clue about what is active manegement of birth and how they felt during the intervention in labour. To achieve the aims of quantitative research method has been selected in the form of a questionnaire survey. Research was conducted using a questionnaire which women fill voluntarily and anonymously. 238 women completed the questionnaire, 235 questionnaires were used for the research. The research has found that more than half of women have no idea what active management of labour is. As we assumed in our hypotheses, most women were informed and had the choice of the interventions in childbirth and the positive feelings of individual interventions outweighed the negative feelings. Furthermore, our hypothesis has been confirmed, that more tearful and anxious are women after childbirth with episiotomy and greater injury than women with less or no injury. Similarly, the hypothesis that a delivery with epidural...
|
|
|
Ca2+ signalling in magnocellular neurones of the rat supraoptic nucleus.
Kortus, Štěpán ; Zápotocký, Martin (advisor) ; Šuta, Daniel (referee) ; Hromádka, Tomáš (referee)
The magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) of the hypothalamus project axons from the supraoptic nucleus to the posterior pituitary gland, where they secrete either oxytocin or vasopressin into the circulation. Oxytocin is important for delivery at birth and is essential for milk ejection during suckling. Vasopressin primarily promotes water reabsorption in the kidney to maintain body fluid balance. The profile of oxytocin and vasopressin secretion is principally determined by the pattern of action potentials initiated at the cell bodies in the hypothalamus. MNCs principally secrete hormones from terminals in the pituitary, but the secretion also occurs from their dendrites in the supraoptic nucleus, where they diffuse and affect the neighbouring cells. Mechanisms controlling the oxytocin and vasopressin secretion from MNCs have been extensively studied over the last decades and it is assumed that the relationship between Ca2+ signalling, secretion from dendrites, and the firing patterns is essential in understanding the magnocellular neurosecretory system. In this project, we combine mathematical analysis and experimental measurements of Ca2+ activity of MNCs of transgenic rats expressing an arginine vasopressin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (AVP-eGFP) or oxytocin-monomeric red fluorescent...
|
|
|
Ca2+ signalling in magnocellular neurones of the rat supraoptic nucleus.
Kortus, Štěpán ; Zápotocký, Martin (advisor) ; Šuta, Daniel (referee) ; Hromádka, Tomáš (referee)
The magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) of the hypothalamus project axons from the supraoptic nucleus to the posterior pituitary gland, where they secrete either oxytocin or vasopressin into the circulation. Oxytocin is important for delivery at birth and is essential for milk ejection during suckling. Vasopressin primarily promotes water reabsorption in the kidney to maintain body fluid balance. The profile of oxytocin and vasopressin secretion is principally determined by the pattern of action potentials initiated at the cell bodies in the hypothalamus. MNCs principally secrete hormones from terminals in the pituitary, but the secretion also occurs from their dendrites in the supraoptic nucleus, where they diffuse and affect the neighbouring cells. Mechanisms controlling the oxytocin and vasopressin secretion from MNCs have been extensively studied over the last decades and it is assumed that the relationship between Ca2+ signalling, secretion from dendrites, and the firing patterns is essential in understanding the magnocellular neurosecretory system. In this project, we combine mathematical analysis and experimental measurements of Ca2+ activity of MNCs of transgenic rats expressing an arginine vasopressin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (AVP-eGFP) or oxytocin-monomeric red fluorescent...
|
|
|
Neurobiology of anxiety disorders
Fišerová, Lucia ; Herink, Josef (advisor) ; Kudláčková, Zděnka (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on neurobiology of anxiety and is supported by corresponding literature search. In the thesis individual anxiety disorders are described together with selected risk factors important for the development of this disease. It also deals with biological hypotheses involving various changes in neurotransmitter systems and the influence of stress. Furthermore, it deals with fear conditioning, extinction of fear response and overgeneralization, all of which are forms of fear learning. Amygdala represents an important brain center of anxiety, consequently a description of its funcion along with amygdallar circuits are included in this thesis and different functions of other brain parts are described as well. Moreover, this thesis is concerned with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and the influence of individual hormones on anxiety. Lastly, the role of the neuropeptide oxytocin and current studies regarding possibility of its use in therapy are presented. Key words: amygdala, anxiety disorders, corticotrophin releasing hormone, fear, circuits of anxiety and fear, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, oxytocin, stress
|
|
|
Active management of labour and its effects on woman's psyche.
Letáková, Veronika ; Vitásková, Hana (advisor) ; Přáda, Jan (referee)
The theme of my thesis is Active management of labour and its effects on woman's psyche. The work is devided into a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical section describes labour and stages of labour, its active management and psyche of women during their pregnancy and after the labour. The main aim of the practical part of my bachelor thesis was to find out whether women have a clue about what is active manegement of birth and how they felt during the intervention in labour. To achieve the aims of quantitative research method has been selected in the form of a questionnaire survey. Research was conducted using a questionnaire which women fill voluntarily and anonymously. 238 women completed the questionnaire, 235 questionnaires were used for the research. The research has found that more than half of women have no idea what active management of labour is. As we assumed in our hypotheses, most women were informed and had the choice of the interventions in childbirth and the positive feelings of individual interventions outweighed the negative feelings. Furthermore, our hypothesis has been confirmed, that more tearful and anxious are women after childbirth with episiotomy and greater injury than women with less or no injury. Similarly, the hypothesis that a delivery with epidural...
|
|
| |
guest ::
